半个世纪来伦敦如何治雾 今天的中国城市应该借鉴

2015年03月03日14:59 来源：小站整理

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这两天，微博，朋友圈等社交网站都在讨论一部叫做《穹顶之下》的片子，柴静让我们对于周遭所生活的环境有了更多的认识，雾霾，空气污染，它们是我们逃避不了的问题。60年前，英国伦敦也因雾霾发生了严重的大灾难，半个世纪来伦敦如何治雾，今天的中国城市应该借鉴。

60年前的那场伦敦大雾布莱恩·谢尔特记忆犹新。在那些雾霭朦胧的日子里，小布莱恩不得不摸索着从学校走回家。那个寒冬，为斗火取暖，家家户户的煤炉都在制造烟雾，空气中弥漫着一股煤炭和木头烧焦的味道。布莱恩说，把手放在面前都看不到，毫不夸张。

Brian Salter remembers clearly those foggy days. It was 60 years ago in London and the schoolboy had to feel all the way home from school. Smoke was let out from every household as residents stoked up their coal fires to keep warm in that bitterly cold winter and the air was filled with a smell of coal and wood burning. You couldn't even see the hands before your face, literally, Brian said.

1952年12月5日，一场死寂的、令人窒息的烟雾将伦敦街道牢牢罩住。大雾散去的4天以，4000多人丧命。迄今为止，这起事故仍是全球空气污染史上最大的一次灾难。令人震惊的死亡数据让伦敦市重新审视空气污染问题。"雾都劫难"向世人证明了空气污染确实可以致命。英国政府自此誓言驱散雾霾。

On Dec 5, 1952, a silent, suffocating shroud settled over the capital's streets. By the time it lifted, 4 days later, more than 4,000 people had lost their lives in what is still officially the world's worst air pollution disaster. These shocking revelations led to a rethinking of air pollution. The disaster demonstrated to people around the world that it was a real and deadly problem. The British government since then vowed to clean the air.

针对燃煤释放的煤烟问题，英政府出台一系列法律法规，通过设立无烟尘区等措施严控不洁燃料的使用。

【城镇限烟尘】

1954年，伦敦市出台《伦敦城法案(多项赋权)》，控制烟雾排放。1956年，英国将这一举措普及至全国，推出了《清洁空气法》。这些法案引进了一系列举措来控制空气污染，其中最为重要的就是在城镇设立"无烟尘区"，只许烧无烟煤。家庭取暖的燃料变成了清洁煤、电和天然气，其排放的煤烟污染和二氧化硫随之减少。

In 1954, the city began to introduce regulations on smoke through the City of London (Various Powers) Act, and the country followed with the Clean Air Act of 1956. These Acts introduced a number of measures to reduce air pollution, especially by introducing "smoke control areas" in some towns and cities in which only smokeless fuels could be burnt. By shifting homes' sources of heat towards cleaner coals, electricity, and gas it reduced the amount of smoke pollution and sulphur (硫) dioxide from household fires.

【烟囱限高度】

1968年，英国修正《清洁空气法》，以巩固空气质量的改善。修正案要求烧煤和天然气等其他燃料的工厂必须使用高烟囱。立法时，政府意识到煤烟污染已经可以控制，但想要驱散二氧化硫尚有困难。因此，烟囱建得越高，空气污染就能更快地驱散。

The Clean Air Act was revised in 1968 to reinforce these changes. The amendment ordered industries burning coal, gas or other fuels to use tall chimneys. At the time of this legislation the government recognized that smoke pollution could be controlled, but that sulphur dioxide removal was generally impracticable. Hence, the higher the chimney, the better the dispersal of the air pollution

《清洁空气法》颁布后，城区空气质量显著改善，特别是工业和家庭燃煤所制造的烟雾、沙砾和灰尘得到了控制。

Urban air quality improved significantly following the Clean Air Acts. In particular, the smoke, grit (沙砾) and dust that arose from industrial and domestic sources due to coal burning had been controlled.

进入七八十年代以来，汽车的大量普及使交通尾气取代煤烟成为大气污染的头号杀手，伦敦市开始重点治理汽车尾气污染。

【收'拥堵费'】

2003年，伦敦市开始对工作日穿行市中心的私车收费，以缓解交通拥堵，并募集资金对交通情况做进一步改善。在市中心开车的标准费用为10英镑，在没有付款的情况下开进中心城区将被罚60至187英镑。

In 2003, the city of London started charging a fee for driving private automobiles in its central area during weekdays as a way to reduce traffic congestion and raise revenues to fund transport improvements. The standard fee for applicable vehicles is ￡10 per day if you want to drive downtown. Failure to pay results in a fine between ￡60 and ￡187.

"拥堵费计划"并没有影响进城的人数，却改变了人们的交通方式：5至6成人改乘公共交通工具，2至3成选择绕行，剩下的人做出了其他改变。2002年，38%的伦敦人每天开车，到2006年，这一数字减少到19%，主要道路上的自行车使用率却大幅增长了72%。

The Congestion Charging Scheme did not affect the number of people who travel to central area but modified the transport methods they use: 50-60% moved to public transport, 20-30% diverted round zone and others implemented other adaptations. In 2002, 38% of people used their cars daily in London. In 2006 this was reduced to 19%. It has also contributed to the growth in bikes: since 2000 there has been a 72% increase in the use of bikes on London's major roads.

【设“低排区”】

伦敦市长在2008年设立了世界上首个全市范围的低排放区。该计划限制污染最严重的柴油车在大伦敦大部分地区通行，通过对想进入大伦敦地区的重污染车收费，来抑制污染车型的使用。不符合排放标准的大货车、面包车等每天的通行费用为100英镑，卡车、公共汽车和长途大巴等则需付200英镑。

In 2008, the Mayor of London introduced the world's first citywide Low Emission Zone (LEZ). It restricts circulation of the most polluting heavy diesel vehicles in most of Greater London. The LEZ is designed to discourage the use of the most individually polluting vehicles in the Greater London area by imposing heavy charges on them. If your vehicle doesn't meet the emissions standards, the daily charge is ￡100 for larger vans, minibuses and other specialist vehicles, and ￡200 for lorries, buses, coaches and other specialist heavy vehicles.

尽管车流量没有改变，在这一地区通行车辆的尾气排放量却有所减少，空气质量随之改善。设立"低排区"以前，大伦敦预计有100平方公里地区的PM10超出了每立方米23的年平均目标;2012年，超过PM10目标水平的地区减少了11%。

Although traffic volumes do not necessarily change, vehicles travelling in an area have lower emissions, and this leads to air quality improvements. Without the proposed LEZ, 100 sq km of Greater London is forecasted to exceed the annual mean PM10 objective of 23 micrograms per cubic meter. In 2012, reductions of around 11% were delivered in the area of London exceeding the PM10 objectives.

【发展新能源】

2012年，伦敦新巴士开始运营。新公交巴士采用了最新的混合动力技术，燃料利用率比传统的柴油巴士提高了40%。

The New Bus for London, entering service in 2012, incorporates the latest hybrid technology and is 40% more fuel efficient than conventional diesel buses.

伦敦市长还计划将伦敦打造成欧洲的电动车之都。政府已额外批准1700万英镑的电动车基础设施，这笔费用将用于铺建9100个电动车充电站，首批7500个将于2013年春天建成，剩下1600个将在接下来的一年内完成。

The mayor also plans to make London the electric vehicle capital of Europe. An additional funding of ￡17m for electric vehicle infrastructure has already been confirmed to deliver a network of around 7,500 charging points by spring 2013 with around 1,600 charge points to be installed over the next 12 months.

在政府大力推进空气治理举措的同时，民间组织、媒体和企业也开始行动，全市身体力行投入空气改善计划。

【全面监测】

伦敦市拥有一个分布广泛的空气质量监测网络，而它们均由非政府组织伦敦空气治理网络管理。空气质量监测网络由国王学院的环境研究小组建立，目前该组织共有123个主动监测点。

London has a widespread network of air quality monitoring stations. They are all administered by the non-governmental organization London Air Quality Network, which is developed by Kings College Environmental Research Group. Currently there are a total of 123 active monitoring sites in the LAQN.

空气质量监测网络发起的"伦敦空气计划"在全市范围内每小时测量一次污染水平，并绘制污染两份3D地图发布，公众可查看整体污染情况，也可查看数据记录的任何时段内某一特定污染物的指数。

In its London Air project, the organization records pollution levels across the capital on an hourly basis onto two 3D maps. The public can explore overall pollution or a specific pollutant for any period over which data has been recorded.

【媒体监督】

英国媒体在监督空气质量上可谓相当严厉。一旦政府没能做出有效行动，英国广播公司、《卫报》等主流媒体就会批评政府无能，并警告英国或被欧盟处以巨额罚款，或利用恶劣空气每年造成的死亡人数让政府敲响警钟。

British media are very strict on air quality scrutiny. Whenever the government fails to make effective action, the BBC, The Guardian and other mainstream media will criticize the incompetence of the authorities and give warnings on either large amounts of EU fines or the deaths the poor air quality is likely to cause each year.

《卫报》曾在2010年批评伦敦市长，称他自认为伦敦空气已经足够好，要取消向西部扩大拥堵区的计划。《卫报》称伦敦市长在空气质量的问题上正在倒退，将把事情弄得更糟。

The Guardian criticized the mayor's lifting of western extension of the congestion charge in 2010 as he deemed the air in London was clean enough. The newspaper accused him of taking backward steps on air quality and making the problem worse.

英国广播公司曾调查出伦敦市长2012年曾游说国际方面放松空气污染法，这项调查迫使市长发布了自己长达750页的游说报告。

A BBC investigation once discovered the Mayor of London was lobbying weaken international air pollution laws in 2012. It urged the mayor to release 750 pages of details about his lobbying.

【企业履责】

一些商业公司也采取自发行动。他们希望向公众表明， 合并邮寄物品、鼓励员工步行前往开会地点之类的小小举动也能给城市的污染问题带来切实改变。

Some businesses are also taking action on their own, hoping to show that small steps, like consolidating deliveries and encouraging employees to walk to meetings, can make a real dent in the city's pollution problem.

野村证劵参与了伦敦旧城公司两年前发起的城市空气项目，有效合并了食品、办公设备的投递和垃圾的清运以减少卡车运输次数。它还禁止在办公室外闲置引擎，并鼓励员工夜间拼车回家。

Working with the City of London Corp's 2-year-old CityAir program, Nomura has consolidated food and office supply deliveries and garbage pickups to cut truck trips. It has also banned engine idling outside its offices, and encouraged employees to share late-night taxis home.

大型律师事务所西盟斯亦有类似经历：它的"步行去见客户"计划利用公司内部社交网络、宣传海报和小型折叠地图来鼓励员工避免乘坐短程出租。公司为携带沉重文件的员工提供了带轮子的文件箱，并把这项计划推广到了其他20家律师事务所。

That is also true at Simmons & Simmons, a large law firm: Its Walk to Client program uses an internal social networking site, posters and small foldout maps to prod employees to avoid taxis for short trips. It provides wheeled cases for those with heavy files to carry, and it has promoted the program to 20 other law firms.